NEW GENERATION OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR FOR SUB-NANOMOLAR ZN (II) ION DETECTION BASED ON NANO- SIZED ION IMPRINTED POLYMER AND FUNCTIONALIZED MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANAOTUBE COMPOSITE MODIFIED GLASSY CARBON ELECTRODE

Vali Alizadeh* Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Garmsar, Pobox:3581755796, Garmsar, Iran, *Email: valializadeh.chem@gmail.com
Nasrin Behnia Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
Mehdi Asgari Technical Department, ARA G. T. Company, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Abstract

A new selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor was prepared by film coating of Zinc (II) ion imprinted polymer (IIP) nanoparticle and functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCN) composite on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The prepared electrochemical sensor was applied for the sensitive determination of Zinc (II) ion by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) method. The GCE/IIP-MWCNT modified electrode showed improved electrochemical behavior as compared to bare GC electrode. An optimum procedure was used for the fixation of Zn(II)-8-hydroxyquinoline to styrene-ethylene dimethacrylate copolymer and the resultant IIP nanoparticles characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared ( FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of different experimental variables such as pH, deposition time, and deposition potential were optimized for electrochemical determinations. The resultant IIP showed a selective sorbent for Zinc (II) ion. Functionalized MWCNT was applied in construction of as prepared modified electrode, exhibits large surface area, enhanced electron transfer kinetics, and improved Zn (II) ion diffusion. Under the optimal conditions, the resulting calibration curve exhibited a linear response within a concentration range of 5×10-12 to 15×10-8 mol/L-1 with excellent detection limit 5×10-12mol/L-1. Finally, the method was successfully applied for the determination of zinc (II) ion in the real water samples, and the obtained results were verified by inductively coupled plasma (ICP).

Keywords:

:

Ion Imprinted Polymer; Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube, Square wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, Glassy carbon electrode.


Full Text:

PDF


References


References: [1] Murakami, M., Hirano, T.: Intracellular zinc homeostasis and zinc signaling. Cancer Sci. 99, 1515–1522 (2008) [2] Zengin, G.: Effective removal of zinc from an aqueous solution using Turkish leonardite–clinoptilolite mixture as a sorbent. Environ. Earth Sci. 70, 3031–3041 (2013) [3] Shaheen, S.M., Eissa, F.I., Ghanem, K.M., Gamal El-Din, H.M., Al Anany, F.S.: Heavy metals removal from aqueous solutions and wastewaters by using various byproducts. J. Environ. Manage. 128, 514–521 (2013) [4] Bellir, K., Lehocine, M.B., Meniai, A.H.: Zinc removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto bentonite. Desalin Water Treat. 51, 5035–5048 (2013) [5] Mohan, D., Singh, K.P.: Single- and multi-component adsorption of cadmium and zinc using activated carbon derived from bagasse--An agricultural waste. Water Res. 36, 2304–2318 (2002) [6] Pinto, Juan J.: Enhanced spectrophotometric methods for trace metal determination in waters: zinc as an example Anal. Methods. 4, 147-152 (2012) [7] Ding, X., Nomura, M., Suzuki, T., Sugiyama, Y., Kaneshiki, T., Fujii, Y.: Chromatographic zinc isotope separation by phenol formaldehyde benzo crown resin. J. Chromatogr. A 1113, 182–185 (2006) [8] Van Den Berg, C.M.G., Buckley, P.J.M., Huang, Z.Q.: An electrochemical study of the speciation of copper, zinc and iron in two estuaries in England. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 22, 479–486 (1986) [9] Duwensee, H., Adamovski, M., Flechsig, G.-U.: Adsorptive stripping voltammetric detection of daunomycin at mercury and bismuth alloy electrodes Int. J. Electrochem. Sci 2, 498–507 (2007) [10] Tyszczuk-Rotko, K., Pietrzak, K., Sasal, A.: Adsorptive stripping voltammetric method for the determination of caffeine at integrated three-electrode screen-printed sensor with carbon/carbon nanofibers working electrode. Adsorption 25, 913–921 (2019) [11] Promphet, N., Rattanarat, P., Rangkupan, R., Chailapakul, O., Rodthongkum, N.: An electrochemical sensor based on graphene/polyaniline/polystyrene nanoporous fibers modified electrode for simultaneous determination of lead and cadmium. Sens. Actuators, B 207, 526–534 (2015) [12] Alghamdi , A. H.: Determination of zinc by square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry using alizarin as a chelating agent. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 14, 1–7 (2010) [13] Jakubaa, R. W., Moffett, J. W., Saito, M. A.: Use of a modified, high sensitivity, anodic stripping voltammetry method for determination of zinc speciation in the North Atlantic Ocean. Anal. Chim. Acta 614, 143–152 (2008) [14] Brett, C. M. A., Garcia, M. B. Q., Lima, J. F. C.: On the suppression of zinc-copper interactions in square wave anodic stripping voltammetry in flowing solution by addition of gallium ions. Anal. Chim. Acta 339, 167-172 (1997) [15] Geremedhin, W., Amare, M., Admassie, S.: Electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrode for electrochemical detection of fenitrothion in tap water and human urine. Electrochim. Acta 87, 749-755 (2013) [16] Wang, H., Liu, Y., Hu, G., Ye, Y., Pan, L., Zhu, P., Yao, S.: Ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for determination of trace carbadox with ordered mesoporous carbon/GCE. J. Electroanal. Chem. 857, 113736-113743 (2020) [17] Rodsud, S., Limbut, W.: A simple electrochemical sensor based on graphene nanoplatelets modified glassy carbon electrode (GrNPs/GCE) for highly sensitive detection of yohimbine (YOH). J. Electrochem. Soc. 166, B771–B779 (2019) [18] Wang, L., Wang, Y., Zhuang, Q.: Simple self-referenced ratiometric electrochemical sensor for dopamine detection using electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrode modified by acid-treated multiwalled carbon nanotube. J. Electroanal. Chem. 851, 113446-113453 (2019) [19] Abellan-Llobregat, A., Gonzalez-Gaitan, C., Vidal, L., Canals, A., Morallon, E.: Portable electrochemical sensor based on 4-aminobenzoic acid-functionalized herringbone carbon nanotubes for the determination of ascorbic acid and uric acid in human Fluids. Biosens. Bioelectron. 109, 123–131 (2018) [20] Noorbakhsh, A., Salimi, A., Sharifi, E.: Fabrication of Glucose Biosensor Based on Encapsulation of Glucose-Oxidase on Sol-Gel Composite at the Surface of Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Carbon Nanotubes and Celestine Blue. Electroanalysis. 20, 1788–1797 (2008) [21] Salimi, A., Noorbakhsh, A., Ghadermarz, M.: Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalytic activity of catalase incorporated onto multiwall carbon nanotubes-modified glassy carbon electrode. Anal. Biochem. 344, 16-24 (2005) [22] A. Salimi, A. Noorbakhsh, M. Ghadermarzi.: Amperometric detection of nitrite, iodate and periodate at glassy carbon electrode modified with catalase and multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 123, 530-537 (2007) [23] Salimi, A., Pourbahram, B., Mansouri-Majd, S., Hallaj. R.: Manganese oxide nanoflakes/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/chitosan nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode as a novel electrochemical sensor for chromium (III) detection. Electrochim. Acta 156, 207-215 (2015) [24] Fortunati, S., Rozzi, A., Curti, F., Giannetto, M., Corradini, R., Careri, M.: Novel amperometric genosensor based on peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes immobilized on carbon nanotubes-screen printed electrodes for the determination of trace levels of non-amplified DNA in genetically modified (GM) soy. Biosens. Bioelectron. 129, 7-14 (2019) [25] Ahmed, A. A. E-H., Korany, M. A., Khalil, M. M.: Electrochemical determination of verapamil hydrochloride using carbon nanotubes/TiO2 nanocomposite based potentiometric sensors in surface water and urine samples. Microchem. J. 157, 104909-104918 (2020) [26] Xiao, Z., Elike, J., Reynolds, A., Moten, R., Zhao, X.: The fabrication of carbon nanotube electronic circuits with dielectrophoresis. Microelectron. Eng. 164, 123-127 (2016) [27] Zhang, B-T., Zheng, X., Li, H-F., Lin, J-M.: Application of carbon-based nanomaterials in sample preparation:A review. Anal. Chim. Acta. 784, 1-17 (2013) [28] Ganjali , M. R., Motakef-Kazami, N., Faridbod, F., Khoee, S., Norouzi, P.: Determination of Pb2+ ions by a modified carbon paste electrode based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and nanosilica J. Hazard. Mater. 173, 415-419 (2010) [29] Zeng, Y., Yu, D., Yu, Y., Zhou, T., Shi, G.: Differential pulse voltammetric determination of methyl parathion based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes–poly(acrylamide) nanocomposite film modified electrode. J. Hazard. Mater. 217, 315-322 (2012) [30] Zhang, Z., Hu, Y., Zhang, H., Yao, S.: Novel layer-by-layer assembly molecularly imprinted sol–gel sensor for selective recognition of clindamycin based on Au electrode decorated by multi-wall carbon nanotube. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 344, 158-164 (2010) [31] Roushani, M., Musa Beygi, T., Saedi, Z.: Synthesis and application of ion-imprinted polymer for extraction and pre-concentration of iron ions in environmental water and food samples. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 153, 637-644 (2016) [32] Ma, W., Du, X., Liu, M., Gao, F., Ma, X., Li, Y., Guan, G., Hao, X.: A conductive chlorine ion-imprinted polymer threaded in metal-organic frameworks for electrochemically selective separation of chloride ions. Chem. Eng. J. 412, 128576-128587 (2021) [33] Kumara, A., Baloucha, A., Ashfaque, A., Pathan, A.: Synthesis, adsorption and analytical applicability of Ni-imprinted polymer for selective adsorption of Ni2+ ions from the aqueous environment. Polym. Test. 77, 105871-105881 (2019) [34] Zhu, Y-H., Zhang, Z-L., Pang, D-W.: Electrochemical oxidation of theophylline at multi-wall carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 581, 303-309 (2005) [35] Branger, C., Meouche, W., Margaillan, A.: Recent advances on ion-imprinted polymers. React. Funct. Polym. 73, 859-875 (2013) [36] Khajeh, M., Heidari, Z. S., Sanchooli, E.: Synthesis, characterization and removal of lead from water samples using lead-ion imprinted polymer. Chem. Eng. J. 166, 1158-1163 (2011) [37] Alizadeh, T., Amjadi, S.: Preparation of nano-sized Pb2+ imprinted polymer and its application as the chemical interface of an electrochemical sensor for toxic lead determination in different real samples. J. Hazard. Mater. 190, 451-459 (2011) [38] Shamsipur, M., Rajabi , H. R., Pourmortazavi, S. M., Roushani, M.: Ion imprinted polymeric nanoparticles for selective separation and sensitive determination of zinc ions in different matrices. Spectrochim. Acta, Part A. 117, 24-33 (2014) [39] Kim, M., Jiang, Y., Kim, D.: Zn2+-imprinted porous polymer beads: Synthesis, structure, and selective adsorption behavior for template ion. React. Funct. Polym. 73, 821-827 (2013) [40]. Thi, L., Hoa, M.: Characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized by a mixture of HNO3/H2SO4. Diamond Relat. Mater. 89, 43-51 (2018) [41] Gayathri, J., Selvan, K. S., Sangilimuthu, S., Narayanan, S. S.: Sens. Bio-Sens. Res. 19, 1-6 (2018) [42] Behnia, N., Asgari, M., Feizbakhsh, A.: Sub-nanomolar detection of zinc on the ion-imprinted polymer modified glassy carbon electrode. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 3, 271-276 (2015) Figure Captions Fig.1 The FT-IR spectra of un-leached (NIP) and leached zinc imprinted polymers (IIP) Fig.2 The SEM image of the three-dimensionally microporous structure of IIP-MWCNT films on the GCE surface Fig.3 TGA curve of synthesized IIP Fig.4 (A) Cyclic voltammograms of bare GCE and IIP-MWCNT/GCE modified electrode in presence of 5 mM K4Fe(CN)6, 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH7.0) at a scan rate of 50 mVs-1. (B) Nyquist plots for bare GCE (▲) and IIP-MWCNT/GCE (■) in 5 mM Fe(CN)63-/Fe(CN)64-, 0.1 M PBS solution (pH7.0), and at potential 250 mV. The frequency was swept from 100 to 0.01 kHz; modulation potential 10 mV Fig.5 Effect of pH upon the stripping voltammetric response of 1.0×10-6 M Zn (II). The square wave voltammograms were recorded at scan rate of 50 mVs-1; pulse amplitude, 50 mV Fig.6 (A) Effect of accumulation time upon the response to 1.0×10-6 M Zn (II) after accumulation potential of -500 mV and pH 3.7 at scan rate of 0.05Vs-1 and pulse amplitude of 0.05 V.(B) Effect of accumulation potential upon the response to 1.0×10-6 M Zn (II) after accumulation for 800s Fig.7 Square wave Stripping voltammograms for concentration of Zn (II) from 0.001- 1.5 nM. The square wave voltammograms were recorded at scan rate of 0.05 V s-1 and pulse amplitude of 0.05 V. Accumulation time and the accumulation potential were 800 s and -400 mV, respectively. (Inset) Calibration curve of Zn (II)

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.